Combined stain and filler, and drying oil therefor



Unite 2,820,711 Patented Jan. 21, 1958 COMBINED STAIN AND FILLER, AND DRYING 01L THEREFOR Myron W. Kiehler, Jr., Cleveland, and Richard Baukema, l akewood, Ohio, and Albert Zier, Chicago, 11]., assignors to The Glidden Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio No Drawing. Application June 22, 1953 Serial No. 363,396

12 Claims. (Ci. 10634) This invention relates to a novel composition of matter particularly adapted for use as a combined stain and A combined stain and filler for wood (and other porous urfaces), particularly a mahogany stain and filler, has long been sought as a means for speeding up the finishing of wood and thereby reducing the costs of such opera- Various products have been proposed and/or give a clear, clean color rather than a ration does occur after long standing, a simple mixing or stirring should restore it readily to a smooth mass;

(6 The concentrated stain-filler should not develop a skin on its surface when a mass thereof in a container is exposed to the air continuously for as long as eight hours;

(7) It should fill the pores of a surface solidly rather than filling them with a spongy, porous mass of filling solids, and should not shrink on drying;

(8) It should have a stable color over periods as long as six months so that a furniture factory, for example, can stock a reasonable supply thereof for future use, with assurance that the color will not change during such storage;

(9) It should not be diificult to apply nor require such unusual handling or treatment as to necessitate its use only by specially-trained personnel;

(10) The filled surface should not blister nor the filler lift when a mild lacquer sealer is applied to the filled surface.

We have now found that combined stains and fillers can be prepared as described hereinafter to possess all of the foregoing qualities.

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a novel composition of matter particularly adapted for use as the principal film-forming material in a combined stain and filler.

It is a further object to provide an improved combined stain and filler having the qualities enumerated above.

'It is another object to provide novel processes for preparing the foregoing composition of matter and the improved combined stains and fillers.

ttes Patent Ofifice These and other objects will be apparent from the following description of the invention.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the combined stains andfillers of the present invention are paste-like products containing: (a) inert solids, with or without color pigments, which function to fill the pores and other minute inequalities in the surface; (b) water-soluble dyes which stain the surface to the desired color; these dyes are light-resistant and do not rot finish coats applied to a filled surface containing them; (0) one or more film-forming materials which on drying function to bind the inert solids together and to the surface to which they have been applied, and which additionally provide a protective coating over the stainand-filler surface as a whole; and (a') one or more solvents to unite the foregoing classes of ingredients into an easy-working, stable product. Other ingredients can be included to modify one or more properties of the product or one or more functional attributes of the component parts of the product. Such latter ingredients include resins, driers, coupling agents, water and/or organic solvents having the property of dissolving the dyes to at least some extent or of assisting in their complete dissolution, and various solids and/or liquids which function to alter the rheological properties of the com position of matter as a whole.

The inert fillers of the invention include such con ventional materials as gypsum, silica, asbestine, hydrated calcium silicate, calcium carbonate, and colored pigments and/or toning pigments used in addition to impart such color as may be needed to adapt the finished composition to the color of finish being sought.

For the most part, present-day non-grain-raising stains utilize water-soluble dyes and such dyes are used in this invention. The advantages accruing from their use are well-known in the art, but for purposes of reference, U. S. Patents Nos. 2,338,149, 2,628,206 and 2,628,947 illustrate their use in combined stains and fillers. The watersoluble dyes employed are of course selected to give the color of stain which is wanted.

The film-forming material of the present invention comprises linseed oil which has been modified so as to possess limited solubility in water. Minor amounts. of varnish resins can be used therewith if desired to increase the hardness of the resulting film and/ or to modify other properties thereof. The process by which the moderatelysoluble linseed oil is prepared involves heating raw or alkali-refined linseed oil with a small amount of maleic anhydride and/or maleic or fumaric acid to prepare an acidic adduct (see Clocker Patents 2,188,882 through 2,188,893 and 2,275,843), cooling the resulting mass to below about F., agitatingit with aqueous ammonia to neutralize the acidity partially, and then as a matter of preference adding with agitation a small amount of an aqueous solution of 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol. By using suitable amounts of maleic anhydride and/or acid, and of ammonia, with or without the propanediol, the resulting product can be so altered in its watersolubility characteristics as to form a clear solution with a small amount of water and to be dispersible in a large amount of water. When an ethylene glycol lower monoalkyl ether is'added to such a dispersion, the oil adduct dissolves'completely and a clear aqueous solution results.

'The following example illustrates the preparation of a film-forming material of such characteristics:

EXAMPLE 1 Twelve hundred pounds of alkali-refined raw linseed oil was mixed with 104 pounds of maleic anhydride in a kettle under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide, and while so protected the mixture was agitated continuously was capabletof v air-drying in thifi fil efliers .to produce clear-aqueousi solu while beingheated toAOOi' Thetmass was'jthenheld 'of' a=28% ('wtrl aqueous solution-mas;addedirslowlywith' good agitation. After a11-:..gf,';therammoniavhad: been added. 2.5 pounds of' Z-aminU-Z-methyl'J,3+propanediol dissolved in l.5*po'unds of water was"; added and 'thoroughlymixed'therewith; Tlien'esulting m'ass' was'a clear, singleephase liquid "prodnefnot' soluble iniwater: direct-1y,

but afterbeing mixedwithiaismall amount-of anr 'ethyiene glycol: lower: m'onoalkyl ether2(e5g1mrionomethyl; ethyl} propyl' on-butyl) largetquantiiie of water; uld' be adjded to; give a? homogeneous; 'singIephas'e -syste fl heprod 116i. had i am acid number of 5 2" (corresponding: to about 63% neutralization of th'e addu'ts eriginal acidity), a

' '5 9435 and abbot 3 home to give water-resistant; adhereht coati'iigsi one: gallon weighed ilipoundsa Oil I adduc'ts of'-comparable clia" c color of l2L,'-- a non-volatile; 'eonren -teristies an: be pre: pared'lwithinthe followirig a's te typ'e -anw'am'onnt' ofiraw materials'z e byweight 911 94 Maleic acid-and and/ or malie anh'ydrideendVor Tii' amnesia canibfe; anlayi lr qus er q r ous, and' tlie: cpngemm otam ficn e can 1 be atfaiiy de'sii'fed levelaqueous ammonia ig. used, so m mwater may; be (in troduced during neutializationtthat the resultingnproduct will not be a clear solutionat;anystage untilta-glycol' ether has been addedwin appropriate amount', Moreover,v the total water introduced by the ammonia should not, of course, exceed the total-water whienis desired imthefinished combined stain-filler, We-.prefer.- tofu'sezaqueous ammonia containing around 28% .--NH by weight;-

As we have indicated. above-, ttheapropanediol gisean Optional neutralizing e non nera ca mi. t l lowev er, ,we prefer. toadd aifsmallwamountg pyto'i order.to secure smoothen-ffilms'fromithe partially neutralized adduct, The? propane'diol also possess'ess some. other. surface-active properties which are-beneficial in the finished combined-istain-fille'rs I r v Inrespect to the-:use:of ethylehezglycolwinonoalkyl;

I tions Of tthibilifid duet, it should benoted 1 that any. one: of zthei fou'r others from. monomethyl toj monobuty-l ca-n2 be :used individually; Mixtures ofthese 'ethers can'be used: also ibut mixtures of monomethyli and monoethyl zh'ave-i-been found a to give better results-inzourvstain-fillers-sthanndo other mixtures."

Oil adducts prepared :within "the limits-described above yield clea'r solutions withany.'-one ;offlthei'-ethers;- andall' of such adducts aresatisfactorydinuse:in': ouric'orm bined stainlfillers; The a'dducts'have otheruses aspwell, however; as :in: emulsionqeoatings;.wlierewthey "appear to impart body to v the; emulsion 1 andzto delay drying :su'fficiently to permit additional .working-i.brnshingnietce The adducts also can beused in pigmented wiping stains.- Completeineutralizationzofi thiegiacidaoiluadduet should be avoidedfa'si-we havecindicate'diraboves, When more than about 70% of the' acidityistneutralized with ammonia, films cast therefrom are very water sensitive.

We have found that neutralization? -ito an on-tent Between 40% and'70%I-provides""a film dries wellrandfyet'is notw t euSitiiZQ-andfWhi becdmpoimdedrwini the emeringredfnrsnfcombined -forming material which stain-fillers to, give a stained and filled,finish.,whieh.,will not blister when mild, non-lifting sealing coats of lacquerare applied thereove. We-have found that such blistering is quite definitely related to some as yet unknown:

qualities of the film-forming. material, and that when 7 adducts are prepared the suitability in combined; stain-fillers of adducts such as are described imh- Clocker, patents supra must be determined finally by putting such addu'cts in stain-filler formulations, then" applyingthe resulting stain-fillers to wood, drying the stained and filled surface, and finally applying a sealer; thereto; By means of suclrte'stswe have diseovered th'at theadduets' formulated as set above, and partially neutralized to the extent indicated are eminently satisfaetorymaterial s in combined stain-fillers. 1 Moreover, weh'a e: discovered th'at such -adducts areeither dlifb'tlYf'Qf-fl 4 directly responsibleforother outstanding per'form'a' e qualities of-fltli'e" stain-fillers, suchas uniform stai'n g action;...co'lorstability over-long period's- 0f tiin'eg de'nse' clean color in thestained and-'filled woodj easy working; etc. i

t The following examplesillustrate 'thepreparation of, t

film forming adducts'aofv combined stain-fillers utilizing I V the type's -d'escrib'ed above; and the benefieialfuriction therein of the linseed-oil adductsare 'thei'eafter peineu Neutral sol-ids fi'llers) Amorphous silica Crystalline silica 2 y Asbestine' 2, Gypsum 7 2,100" Total;- 00 2 Coloring solids:

Brown toner (lake-type p-igment);' etude- .4- 11 25 toptional) I v I Organic deriv. of montmorillonite (Natl Lead f i'n v mineral spirits as solvent.

The foregoing I ingredients werplacedina mixef iu tlie for use as the filmso order stated and mixed thoroughly. Meanwhile a dye solution was prepared from the following materials:

The dye solution was added to the batch in the mixer and was thoroughly mixed therewith.. The container in which the dye solution had been prepared was rinsed out with .435 lb. ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and then the rinse liquor was added to the batch in the mixer, and was thoroughly mixed therewith. The addition of the rinse liquor caused the batch to putt up considerably and to exhibit improved stability. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether can be substituted for the methyl ether to cause the same beneficial putfing effect, and mixtures of the ethers can be used.

The stain-filler so prepared weighs 12.75 pounds, has a bulk of about one gallon, and is a concentrated product adapted for shipping and for storage until wanted. In

order to prepare the product for application to wood,

it should be reduced at the rate of 9-10 pounds of the concentrate to 64 liquid ounces of varnish makers and painters naphtha plus 64 liquid ounces of the following solvent mixture:

Liq..oz. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 8 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether 2 Diacetone alcohol 8 Toluol 30 High flash coal tar naphtha 16 Total 64 The first three materials of this five-solvent mixture are partial solvents for the dyes and are responsible in part for bringing out a clear, non-muddy color. After reduction, the stain-filler can be sprayed, brushed or otherwise applied, padded in, and then dried. The above formulation is adapted for drying in an oven in 70 minutes at 130 F., but it can also be allowed to air-dry overnight. For overnight drying, the high flash naphtha in the fivesolvent mixture can be replaced with VM and P naphtha.

After the applied stain-filler has been suitably dried, mil-d lacquer sealers with ester-type solvents can be applied thereover Without encountering blistering or any other harmful or undesired reactions.

EXAMPLE 3 A mahogany stain-filler analogous to the above walnut stain-filler can be prepared in the same way by employing the following formulation:

6 Vehicle:

suspending paste as in Example 2 .63 Treated oil of Example 1 .895

Total 1.525 Dye solution:

Water .85 Orange water-soluble dye .07 Yellow water-soluble dye .035 Red water-soluble dye .214 Yellow-brown water-soluble dye .055 Blue-black water-soluble dye .008

Total 1.232 Rinse liquor:

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether 0.50 1 Optional may be omitted.

The resulting mahogany stain-filler concentrate weighs 12.4 pounds, can be reduced with the same solvents and in the proportions given in Example 2, and can be similarly applied, dried and sealed.

The following example illustrates a mahogany stainfiller which does not need the five-solvent mixture of Examples 2 and 3. It can be reduced with VM and P naphtha alone.

EXAMPLE 4 Neutral solids:

Amorphous silica filler 2.375 lbs. Crystalline silica filler 2.375 lbs.

Asbestine filler 2.75 lbs. Gypsum filler 1.75 lbs.

Total 9.250 lbs.

Coloring solids:

Burnt umber .435 lbs. Bone black .11 lbs. Brown toner (lake-type pigment) .11 lbs. Burnt sienna .11 lbs.

Total .765 lbs.

Gelling agent (optional):

Natl Lead Co.s Bentone No. 34 or Troy Chemical Co.s Troykyd Antisettle .11 lbs.

Vehicle:

Litharge (drier) .11 lbs.

Treated oil of Example 1 Maieic treated ester gum resin solution 1 (60% 1.02 lbs. (16 oz. liq.)

.39 lbs. 5.375 02. liq.)

Lead, manganese, cobalt,

linoleates in mineral spirits solution, as suspending base (48% N. V.) .26 lbs. (4.5 oz. liq.)

Japan HHQFYEBEEGT'vYj weighing 6.82 lbs./ gal Mineral spirits .08 lbs. (6 oz. liq.) .355 lbs. (7 oz. liq.)

Total 2.215 lbs.

Resin: Acid number 35 40, melting point 143-145' C. Solvent :Xylol.

The foregoing materials were added to a mixer it; the

Partially-neutralized linseed. oil

area;

order stated, and were thoroughlymixed-together. A dye so'lutlon was prepared from-4he 'follbwingfrnaterials:

fl hercombined stain-fillers of the examples and-of any ofth'e" modified "formulations mentioned above giversolid; tight-.packings in therporemof..the.woed,..give.evenestain- 15 ing ofth'e wood, do not r aiseth e grain and" can be handled in factories in. the customarrand" conventional manners ,Moreover, thewmbined stain-fillershave ex-cel- 7 V 'r'rom soiiason standing, 26 and will not'skin overin two-weeks en' -,the' container is. left open to the ambient atmosphere.

. Ifiyge'neral; our combined stain-fillersfin theconcenti'iited" state'l com rise-the renewing. components and .pro" portions? 25' lent color" stability n" agiil exhibit no eparationofveh 1 part.

adduct, on NVM basis Inert solids (filler solids with or Z without coloring solids) 10-14 parts.

ethyl ethers Dissolved water-'sblu-ble-dyes As needed'top'rovide desired color. Drier solids .2 to abbiit fi pariti Volatile, compatible organic sol- I N vents other than the ethylene glycol monoalkyl ether. com-- ponents As needed to. .give a pasteelikemasstcapable of being furtherreduced at the rate of 714 lbs. of paste per. gallon of added solvent.

In the filler art it is conventional ftopreriarecbncentrated products which can be"bi'ought tofdesire'd spreading and working qualities bythinnirrgfi l lpoiunds of the concentrated producfwithone. 'gallon'of'volatil e"organic solvent. Our combined stain-fillers are intended to conform to the above convention and the foregoing examples are in keeping therewith, all being reducible preferably a at the rate of 9-10 po'unds of paste perg'allon.

In'summar-y, We point out that the 'use of our water' tolerant linseed oil adduct in our stain-fillers appears to be responsible in large measure' f'or numerous unexpected improvements in the performance eithe stain fillers. For example, the water-tolerant addulct iapp'ears to cooperate with the aqueous so'lution' of dyestufisto prevent grain-raising and to stabiliz'e flie aqueous-dye solution against segregation in the redueed stain' filler." The latter w r anhydride,{unmade-acid,-and mix-tuies thereof; 5 complementaryamount of from 94 to 91 parts of a linseed in sharpecontiyastawitliizpripr stirinfillers: usingltwatebaime miscible film-formmg'materials since in such stain-fillers the'taqueous dye phase appears to form droplets o t an I internal water-*phasewtrolly,;surromrcte d by the oil, "The, dyeis hence'hindered' from" reaching tlrewood which is to'be stained'in'sufliciewquantity :togiveju'niform. color. Moreover; "thefint'ernahdroplets of dy'e" solution appear tof'fiiiiction as color pigment in the dry filled -surface, thereby yieidrng*amruddyorgreyedappearance to the surfaces :Fu'rthermbre; the jse'g'regation: offxthe aqueous dyestufirinto internailiilrople'tsiitrttheoilaphase may axecountaalso for: 111532001? color rretentibnuobserved in the" artzfiller'sewhernstoredrfomsomertime:after prepara- 1 prior waterzgpl'raser.abelievedrztov'ercplainswhy our 'stain filler compositionsz rcan be tstoredzsforfi x: month's '"o'ri longer; without: :losi'ng ithe biliiy to: zstain wood ,t'oi the; same; colon'that :they:;staini:that "wocdiimmediately aftertheir preparatron.::. I a

The foregoing explanations are ofiered to give personse skiiledfrinlzthe art theribenefit iofi such insight as we have so. fan'rbeenrartla-toisecure by observing the: performance A qualitiesisot 0111? zstaim-fiilersa It should be recognized;-

' howevemsthati :oiin explanations?are difiicult toprove rigidly because oi-tliercompiexity o "stain-fillercomposi tions,aa" ndfilrenee'rithat we; should not be -bound bysuch explanations; L z a Having described our invention what we cla'ir'n is: 1. Ai partially-neutralized linseed oil-alphabetalunsaturated--dicarboxylie-acid eondensatiom prodnctiresulb;

ing from -(a-) the cheniical condnsation dfi' frorn 6 -to'-'9- pints-"of.- amalphagbeta unsaturateddiea'rbo'xylic; a

selected-from 'theag'roupeensisting efmaleieacid, ma lei'c' with a oil produet-se-leeted frorrrthe group consisting of raw linseed oil and alkali refined linseed oil,and (b) the neutrali zatiomwithuamnronia ot nomad to 70 'p'ercent' of the resulting acidity dfl said condensation product, said par tially neutralized conde'rrsatiori product being characte'r ized'i (A) by its ability to form aclear"aqueoussolution when one part by'weig-lit of'the solids of saidcondensa'-- tion pro'duct is mixed -withzabout one-fourthpa-rt by weight of ethylene'glycol monobut'yl ether" and 'witha total of about three fburths' part off'water'by weight, and (B) by:

its ability to-form: a dry, adherent, 'nonewater-sensitive,

protectivefilmwhen-acoatingof an aqueous solution" as defined in above isfapplied to a non-porous surface and'allowed to'di'y.

2. A partially neutraliized *condensation"pro'ductias claimed in claim 1 which 2-methyl-l,3-propanediol 3. A partially neutralized condensation product as claimed it'a clai'rrr 13whereinther alpliagb'etaunsaturated acid is i:maleicxanhydride in an ambuht of about eightparts thereof to 92 parts of linseed oi-l' produet."

4. =A partially neutralized condensation-gproduet:,as

. 5; A- artially neutgalizedi condensationmpr oduct as claimed n an: ,1 wherein avidity h sb enn raliz with ammonia to an exten t of about 63%.

6; pa ially. neutrali d. Qnd s iouriw u s" claimed in claim 5 which methyl-1,3-propanediol.

79A combinedstain-filler-consisting essentiallywfi a includes up to 2% of Z-amino-Z condensationrproduet-asrclaimeddrr claim l 'andjthe-ifollowing materialsimpercentage byweighton'tiiesolids of said'c'ondensationproduct; water in an amount oLfrom component selectedifrom the groupconsisting'ofithemonoee methyl, monoethyl',rmonopropyl and monobutyl.' .ethers,

andmixtu'res thereof,"said}glycol ether. component being; present inlan amount of about 46% to 150%;rdrier solids includes up to 2% of Z-aminoin an amount between about 20% and 40%; inert filler solids in an amount between about 1000% and 1400%; and dissolved water-soluble dyestufl.

8. A combined stain-filler consisting essentially of: a condensation product as claimed in claim 2 and the following materials in percentage by weight on the solids of said condensation product; water in an amount of from about 50% to 100%; an ethylene glycol monoalkyl ether component selected from the group consisting of the monomethyl, monoethyl, monopropyl and monobutyl ethers, and mixtures thereof, said glycol ether component being present in an amount of about 46% to 150%; drier solids in an amount between about 20% and 40%; inert filler solids in an amount between about 1000% and 1400%; and dissolved water-soluble dyestuif.

9. A combined stain-filler consisting essentially of: a condensation product as claimed in claim 3 and the following materials in percentage by weight on the solids of said condensation product; water in an amount of from about 50% to 100%; an ethylene glycol monoalkyl ether component selected from the group consisting of the monomethyl, monoethyl, monopropyl and monobutyl ethers, and mixtures thereof, said glycol ether component being present in an amount of about 46% to 150%; drier solids in an amount between about 20% and 40%; inert filler solids in an amount between about 1000% and 1400%; and dissolved water-soluble dyestuff.

10. 'A combined stain-filler consisting essentially of: a condensation product as claimed in claim 4 and the following materials in percentage by weight on the solids of said condensation product; water in a amount of from about 50% to 100%; an ethylene glycol monoalkyl ether component selected from the group consisting of the monomethyl, monoethyl, monopropyl and monobutyl others, and mixtures thereof, said glycol ether component being present in an amount of about 46% to 150% drier solids in an amount between about 20% and 40%; inert filler solids in an amount between about 1000% and 1400%; and dissolved water-soluble dyestuff.

11. A combined stain-filler consisting essentially of: a condensation product as claimed in claim 5 and the following materials in percentage by weight on the solids of said condensation product; water in an amount of from about 50% to 100%; an ethylene glycol monoalkyl other component selected from the group consisting of the monomethyl, monoethyl, monopropyl and monobutyl ethers, and mixtures thereof, said glycol ether component being present in an amount of about 46% to 150%; drier solids in an amount between about 20% and inert filler solids in an amount between about 1000% and 1400%; and dissolved water-soluble dyestuff.

12. A combined stain-filler consisting essentially of: a condensation product as claimed in claim 6 and the following materials in percentage by weight on the solids of said condensation product; water in an amount of from about 50% to an ethylene glycol monoalkyl ether component selected from the group consisting of the monomethyl, monoethyl, monopropyl and monobutyl ethers, and mixtures thereof, said glycol ether component being present in an amount of about 46% to drier solids in an amount between about 20% and 40%; inert filler solids in an amount between about 1000% and 1400%; and dissolved water-soluble dyestuff.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,161,503 Bush June 6, 1939 2,275,843 Clocker Mar. 10, 1942 2,298,914 Auer Oct. 13, 1942 2,338,149 Walker Jan. 4, 1944 2,444,328 Blair June 29, 1948 2,502,606 Ullmann Apr. 4, 1950 2,623,027 Deniston et al. Dec. 23, 1952 2,680,103 Nack et a1. June 1, 1954 

1. A PARTIALLY-NEUTRALIZED LINSEED OIL-ALPHA,BETA UNSATURATED DICARBOXYLIC ACID CONDENSATION PRODUCT RESULTING FROM (A) THE CHEMICAL CONDENSATION OF FROM 6 TO 9 PARTS OF AN ALPHA,BETA UNSATURATED DICARBOXYLIC ACID SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF MALEIC ACID, MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, FUMARIC ACID, AND MIXTURES THEREOF, WITH A COPLEMENTARY AMOUNT OF FROM 94 TO 91 PARTS OF A LINSEED OIL PRODUCT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF LINSEED OIL AND ALKALI-REFINED LINSEED OIL, AND (B) THE NEUTRALIZATION WITH AMMONIA OF FROM 40 TO 70 PERCENT OF THE RESULTING ACIDITY OF SAID CONDENSATION PRODUCT, SAID PARTIALLY-NEUTRALIZED CONDENSATION PRODUCT BEING CHARACTERIZED: (A) BY ITS ABILITY TO FORM A CLEAR AQUEOUS SOLUTION WHEN ONE PART BY WEIGHT OF THE SOLIDS OF SAID CONDENSATION PRODUCT IS MIXED WITH ABOUT ONE-FOURTH PART BY WEIGHT OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ETHER AND WITH A TOTAL OF ABOUT THREE-FOURTHS PART OF WATER BY WEIGHT, AND (B) BY ITS ABILITY TO FORM A DRY, ADHERENT, NON-WATER-SENSITIVE, PROTECTIVE FILM WHEN A COATING OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AS DEFINED IN (A) ABOVE IS APPLIED TO A NON-POROUS SURFACE AND ALLOWED TO DRY. 